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The most established hair loss treatment available without prescription in most countries. Apply 1ml twice daily to dry scalp. Initial shedding phase typical in months 1–3; visible regrowth from 4–6 months. Effective for approximately 60% of users. Generic Kirkland brand offers equivalent results at lower cost than branded Rogaine.

Available through compounding pharmacies. Achieves comparable scalp DHT reduction to oral finasteride with approximately 25% of the systemic absorption. Reduced but not eliminated risk of sexual side effects. Often combined with minoxidil in single 'min-fin' formulation for convenience.

Use 2–3 times weekly with 3–5 minute contact time. Originally marketed for dandruff; documented modest hair density benefits in androgenetic alopecia comparable to lower-strength minoxidil in some studies. Particularly useful for patients with concurrent scalp inflammation or seborrheic dermatitis. Available OTC in most regions.

Blocks 5-alpha reductase type 2, reducing scalp DHT by approximately 65%. Effective for 80–90% of male users for stabilisation; 65% see visible improvement. Sexual side effects in roughly 1 in 27 users. Available via online telemedicine services or in-person prescription. Generic versions are widely available.

Blocks both 5-alpha reductase type 1 and type 2, reducing serum DHT by 90%+. Produces 20–30% greater hair growth than finasteride in comparative studies. Side effect profile is similar to but somewhat more pronounced than finasteride. Used off-label in most regions; approved for AGA in South Korea.

Bypasses scalp sulfotransferase requirement that limits topical efficacy in some users. Hair density improvement typically exceeds topical minoxidil. Side effects include possible hypertrichosis (especially in women), mild fluid retention, and modest heart rate elevation. Requires baseline cardiovascular assessment.

First-line systemic option for female pattern hair loss, particularly with hyperandrogenic features (PCOS, hirsutism). Side effects include menstrual irregularity and theoretical pregnancy concerns (contraception required). Hair density improvement or stabilisation in approximately 68% of women at 12 months.

Typically administered as three monthly sessions, then maintenance every 6–12 months. Comparable efficacy to topical minoxidil based on 2025 meta-analysis. Effect requires ongoing maintenance, not a one-time treatment. Variability in preparation protocols affects outcomes; ask about platelet concentration achieved.

Modern FUE produces natural-looking results with invisible donor scarring. Patient suitability depends on donor reserve and pattern of loss. Results visible from 6–12 months post-op. Requires post-op medical maintenance (finasteride/minoxidil) for optimal long-term outcomes. Quality varies dramatically by surgeon.

Pointillist pigment deposits at follicle level create the visual appearance of close-cropped hair. Best for patients willing to maintain very short hairstyles. Requires 2–4 sessions; results last 4–8 years before touch-ups needed. Can be combined with hair transplantation or used as standalone for extensive loss without adequate donor.

Monthly intradermal injections produce hair density improvements comparable to oral dutasteride with 89% less systemic drug exposure. Useful for patients who want dutasteride efficacy without the systemic hormonal effects. Requires clinic visits every 4 weeks.

Weekly use of 1.0–1.5mm derma roller produces measurably better hair count outcomes when combined with topical minoxidil. Triggers wound healing growth factor release and enhances minoxidil penetration. Proper disinfection between uses essential. Avoid in patients on blood thinners.

Photobiomodulation at 650–680nm produces modest hair density improvements (approximately 9.6 additional hairs/cm² in meta-analysis). Effect size roughly half of minoxidil. Device quality varies dramatically; look for FDA 510(k) clearance and published trial data for the specific device.

Toppik, Caboki, Boldify and similar products provide immediate visual density improvement for mild to moderate thinning. Apply to dry hair, set with hairspray. Limitations include water sensitivity. Excellent value for mild thinning or as adjunct to medical treatment.

Premium hair systems produce results indistinguishable from native hair when properly fitted and styled. Particular value for extensive loss without surgical options or patients wanting instant results. Requires ongoing maintenance every 4–8 weeks. Best results from specialist hair system stylists.

Test serum ferritin first; supplementation indicated below 70 ng/ml for hair-related symptoms. Take with vitamin C, away from coffee/calcium. Recovery typically takes 3–6 months. Don't supplement without testing, excess iron is harmful.